Insights Backed by Clinical Knowledge
Tongue Thrust
- Effect of Tongue Thrust Swallowing on Position of Anterior Teeth
- The effect of orofacial myofunctional treatment in children with anterior open bite and tongue dysfunction: a pilot study
- An anterior (forward) tongue posture (tongue thrust) is often an adaptive, subconscious response to maintain an open airway when breathing is compromised - can cause malocclusion by altering the delicate balance of forces inside the oral cavity.
Tongue Tie
- Lingual frenuloplasty with myofunctional therapy: Exploring safety and efficacy in 348 cases.
- Defining ankyloglossia: a case series of anterior and posterior tongue ties.
- Ankyloglossia as a risk factor for maxillary hypoplasia and soft palate elongation: A functional –morphological study.
- Toward a functional definition of ankyloglossia: validating current grading scales for lingual frenulum length and tongue mobility in 1052 subjects Lingual and Maxillary Labial Frenuloplasty with Myofunctional Therapy as a Treatment for Mouth Breathing and Snoring
- Toward a functional definition of ankyloglossia: validating current grading scales for lingual frenulum length and tongue mobility in 1052 subjects
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- A randomized controlled trial comparing treatment efficacy between rapid maxillary expansion and adenotonsillectomy in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea
- A roadmap of craniofacial growth modification for children with sleep-disordered breathing: a multidisciplinary proposal
- Prevalence of malocclusion in children with obstructive sleep apnea
- Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea and the critical role of oral-facial growth: evidences. Pediatric OSA in non-obese children is a disorder of oro-facial growth.
- History of either SDB or BSPs in the first 5 years of life was associated with increased likelihood of SEN at 8 years of age
- Early diagnosis and intervention are critical in managing PSDB. Dentists, through screening and early treatment, can significantly influence craniofacial growth and health outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for effective management, improving the quality of life and long-term health of affected children
- An underdeveloped craniofacial respiratory complex (CFRC) strongly increases the likelihood of OSA.
- Restoration of nasal breathing during wake and sleep, may be the only valid “finish line” in pediatric sleep disordered breathing
- Children whose sleep apnea continued into adolescence were nearly three times more likely to develop high blood pressure compared to those who never had sleep apnea.
- Obstructive sleep apnea increases the risk of heart failure by 140%, the risk of stroke by 60%, and the risk of coronary heart disease by 10%.
OSA & Myofunctional Therapy
- Myofunctional Therapy to Treat Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sleep. 2015 May 1;38(5): 669-75. Doi: 10.5665/sleep.4652. PMID: 25348130; PMCID: PMC4402674.
- Obstructive sleep apnea: focus on myofunctional therapy. Nat Sci Sleep. 2018 Sep 6;10:271-286. Doi: 10.2147/NSS.S141132. PMID: 30233265; PMCID: PMC6132228.
Myofunctional Therapy and CPAP
ADHD/SBD/Myofunctional Therapy
- Sleep Problems as Predictors in Attention-Deficit. Hyperactivity Disorder: Causal Mechanisms, Consequences, and Treatment. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2017 Feb 28;15(1): 9-18. Doi: 10.9758/cpn.2017.15.1.9. PMID: 28138105; PMCID: PMC5290714.
- Children with sleep disturbances or ADHD should be assessed for the presence of mouth breathing, as early identification and correction of mouth breathing may help to prevent unnecessary exposure to the medication.
Mouth Breathing
- Mouth breathing, “nasal disuse,” and pediatric sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Breath. 2015 Apr 16;19(4):1257-64. In: PubMed Central [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). Available from
- The Mouth Breathing Syndrome: prevalence, causes, consequences, and treatments. A Literature Review
- Intraoral pH and temperature during sleep with and without mouth breathing. The mouth breathing syndrome: prevalence, causes, consequences, and treatment
- Decreased chewing activity during mouth breathing. J Oral Rehabil. 2012 Apr 10;39(8):559-67. In: PubMed Central [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). Available from
- Oral breathing and speech disorders in children
- Three-dimensional assessment of pharyngeal airway in nasal- and mouth-breathing children
- Mouth breathing in school-aged children is significantly associated with a higher risk of developing sleep-disordered breathing.
- A cross-sectional study of 1,616 children aged 3–6 years found that mouth breathing was related to anterior open bite, posterior crossbite, and increased overjet.
- Mouth Breathing and Speech Disorders: A Multidisciplinary Evaluation Based on The Etiology The findings of the study suggested that articulation disorders were frequently associated with mouth breathing children.
Buteyko Breathing
Myofunctional Therapy
- Sleep Problems as Predictors in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Causal Mechanisms, Consequences, and Treatment. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2017 Feb 28;15(1):9-18. Doi: 10.9758/cpn.2017.15.1.9. PMID: 28138105; PMCID: PMC5290714.
- Effects of orofacial myofunctional therapy on masticatory function in individuals submitted to orthognathic surgery: a randomized trial. J Appl Oral Sci. 2018 Feb 1;26:e20170164. Doi: 10.1590/1678- 7757-2017-0164. PMID: 29412368; PMCID: PMC5777416.
- The effect of orofacial myofunctional treatment in children with anterior open bite and tongue dysfunction: a pilot study. Eur J Orthod. 2016 Jun;38(3):227-34. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjv044. Epub 2015 Jul 1. PMID: 26136435; PMCID: PMC4914902.
- Toward a functional definition of ankyloglossia: validating current grading scales for lingual frenulum length and tongue mobility in 1052 subjects. Sleep Breath. 2017 Jan 17; 21(3): 767–775. In: PubMed Central [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). Available from
- Lingual frenuloplasty with myofunctional therapy: Exploring safety and efficacy in 348 cases. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. 2019 Aug 26;4(5):489-496. In: PubMed Central [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). Available from
- Lingual and maxillary labial frenuloplasty with myofunctional therapy as a treatment for mouth breathing and snoring. Case Rep Otolaryngol. 2019 Mar 10; ([10 p.]. [about 5 screens]. [about 12 paragraphs]). In: PubMed Central [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). Available from
- Passive myofunctional therapy applied on children with obstructive sleep apnea: A 6-month follow-up
- Top Studies: Research that shows the efficacy of Myofunctional Therapy in the fields of sleep medicine, dentistry, and the physical body
Orofacial Fitness
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